Kamis, 21 April 2011

Mereka Dongeng Untuk Edin

Membacakan cerita sebelum tidur untuk edin sudah kulakukan sejak dia berusia tiga tahun.. aku biasanya membacakan cerita-cerita pendek bergambar seperti franklin dan beberapa buku asing lainnya. Awalnya dia punya buku favorit yang sering ingin ia dengarkan sebelum tidur. Franklin dan Pesta Halloween - sampai dia hafal semua kalimat yang ada di buku itu.
Tapi belakangan dia hanya ingin ceritanya satu kali baca... hasilnya semua buku di lemari sekarang berlabel 'sudah dibaca' dan aku mulai beralih ke dongeng yang dulu sering kudengar dari sanggar cerita di radio.. dan itupun terbatas. apalagi kalau sudah asyik cerita aku suka lupa - ni cerita endingnya gimana ya, kenapa bisa tokoh ini seperti ini dan yang itu seperti itu..kadang-kadang pusing cari alasannya.
Akhirnya....
Aku memutuskan untuk membuat dongengan sendiri. menciptakan dunia dongeng sendiri dan tokoh-tokohnya sendiri.
Pada awalnya cerita-cerita itu aku buat satu kali selesai.. sekitar 10 - 20 menit cerita. Tapi karena idenya harus buat setiap hari, aku mulai mencoba menceritakan dongeng bersambung untuknya...
Hasilnya...
Dia sangat antusias setiap kali mau tidur, karena ingin mendengar lanjutan ceritaku...
Tapi...karena sekarang cerita yang setiap penggalannya kuceritakan sekitar 10 - 20 menit itu sudah berlangsung satu bulan, aku mulai lupa setiap karakternya, apa ciri mereka, apa kemampuan yang mereka miliki, bagaimana perilaku mereka, siapa namakerabat dan teman-teman mereka. Padahal Edin masih mengingat setiap detail tokohnya...
Jadinya...setiap kali ceritaku harus terpaksa dipotongnya untuk membetulkan karakternya, atau aku memancing dengan pertanyaan setiap kali aku lupa bagaimana perilaku si karakter yang sedang masuk dalam penggalan dongeng malam itu...
Maafkan ayah ya, Din. Maklumlah, pendongeng amatir... :D

Rabu, 13 April 2011

Blended Learning (Definisi)

Menurut Thorne (2003), Blended learning adalah perpaduan dari: teknologi multimedia, CD ROM video streaming, kelas virtual, voicemail, email dan telefon conference, animasi teks online  dan video-streaming. Semua ini dikombinasi dengan bentuk tradisional pelatihan di kelas dan pelatihan satu-satu. Blended learning menjadi solusi yang paling tepat untuk proses pembelajaran yang sesuai tidak hanya dengan kebutuhan pembelajaran akan tetapi juga gaya si pembelajar.
Perlunya dan signifikansi blended leaning terletak pada potensialnya. Blended learning merepresentasikan keuntungan yang jelas untuk menciptakan pengalaman belajar yang memberikan pembelajran yang tepat pada saat yang tepat dan waktu yang tepat pada setiap individu. Blended learning menjadi batasan yang benar-benar universal dan global dan membawa kelompok pembelajar bersama-sama melintas budaya dan zona waktu yang berbeda. Pada konteks ini blended learning dapat menjadi salah satu pengembangan paling signifikan pada abad 21.

Menurut MacDonald (2008), istilah blended learning biasanya berasosiasi dengan memasukkan media online pada program pembelajaran, sementara pada saat yang sama tetap memperhatikan perlunya mempertahankan kontak tatap muka dan pendekatan tradisional yang lain untuk mendukung siswa. Istilah ini juga digunakan saat media asynchronous seperti email, forums, blogs atau wikis digabungkan dengan teknologi, teks atau audio sinkronus.

Bersin (2004) menjelaskan bahwa blended learning adalah kombinasi berbagai media pembelajaran yang berbeda (teknologi, aktivitas, dan berbagai jenis peristiwa) untuk menciptakan program pembelajaran yang optimum untuk audiens (siswa) yang spesifik. Istilah blended sendiri berarti bahwa pembelajaran tradisional di dukung dengan format elektronik  yang lain. Program blended learning menggunakan berbagai bentuk e-learning, mungkin digabungkan dengan pelatihan yang terpusat pada instruktur dan format langsung lainnya.

Wilson & Smilanich (2005) menyimpulkan bahwa Blended learning adalah penggunaan solusi pelatihan yang paling efektif, diterapkan dalam cara yang terkoordinasi untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran yang diinginkan.

Arti kode E pada es krim itu


“Kode E itu menunjukkan ada ‘bebeb’ di dalamnya” kata salah satu fren di note dalam efbe-nya. Bebeb tentu maksudnya adalah keluarga si lucu imut berwana pink salah satu teman Winnie The Pooh. Mengerikan! Padahal anakku mulai menyukai rasa coklatnya yang tebal itu.

Kulihat memang ada E407, E410, E412, dan E417. Dulunya selalu kupikir ini adalah emulsifier atau stabilizer atau sebangsanya yang lain yang sudah dibolehkan dalam makanan kita. Aku tak pernah berfikir ini kode zat pewarna karena yang aku tahu seringnya memakai kode yang tidak seperti ini. Benarkah ada si sweety baby di dalamnya?

Dengan pertanyaan yang sama kubuka jendela-jendela informasi tentang kode E ini. Karena kalau benar berarti aku telah memasukkan piglet ke dalam darahku ini sejak jaman SMP dulu – saat aku sering ‘memalak’ kakakku untuk beli es krim dengan bunyi ‘krak’ yang khas setiap kakakku habis gajian. Semoga Allah swt mengampuni ketidaktahuanku..

Setelah brows, ini yang kutemukan:
E codes are codes sometimes found on food labels in the European  Union (GB, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal, etc.) The code  indicates an ingredient which is some type of food additive. The E  indicates that it is a "European Union approved" food additive. If you never saw one on your food ingredients before, probably you don't live in the European Union. Other countries have different food labelling laws. Even inside the EU, sometimes they use the code, sometimes they still write the word.

Juga ini
E numbers are number codes for food additives that have been assessed for use within the European Union (the "E" prefix stands for "Europe"). They are commonly found on food labels throughout the European Union. Safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority.The numbering scheme follows that of the International Numbering System (INS) as determined by the Codex Alimentarius committee though only a subset of the INS additives are approved for use in the European Union. E numbers are also encountered on food labelling in other jurisdictions, including the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Australia, New Zealand and Israel. The "E" prefix is omitted in Australia and New Zealand. They are increasingly, though rarely, found on North American packaging, especially in Canada on imported European products.

Kok gak ada aroma bebeb-nya?

Terus mengapa beberapa makanan berlabel "free of E label"?
ternyata In casual language in the UK and Ireland, "E number" is used as a pejorative term for artificial food additives, and products may promote themselves as "free of E numbers". "Free of E numbers" then simply means that pure forms of the substances are not intentionally added, even though identical substances certainly exist naturally in many foods.

Lebih detail kucari tentang E407, E410, E412 dan E417. Wah, ternyata memang benar.. Benar apanya? Cek saja daftar lengkapnya ini: (khusus untuk kode yang kucari tadi aku tambahkan keterangan yang aku cari dari berbagai net)
Semoga menjadi pengetahuan kita dan supaya fren-ku tidak lagi asal ngomong tanpa tahu kejelasannya...

E Codes:
E100 Curcumin, turmeric [Colouring]
E101 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), formerly called lactoflavin (Vitamin G)
[Colouring] [likely to be GM]
E101a Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate [Colouring] [likely to be GM]
E102 Tartrazine [Colouring] [possible allergic reaction]
E103 Chrysoine Resorcinol [Colouring]
E104 Quinoline Yellow [Colouring] [possible allergic reaction]
E105 Fast Yellow AB [Colouring]
E106 Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate [Colouring]
E107 Yellow 2G [Colouring]
E110 Sunset Yellow FCF, Orange Yellow S [Colouring]
E111 Orange GGN [Colouring]
E120 Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmines [Colouring] [animal origin]
E121 Orcein, Orchil [Colouring]
E122 Carmoisine, Azorubine [Colouring]
E123 Amaranth [Colouring]
E124 Ponceau 4R, Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet 4R [Colouring]
E125 Scarlet GN [Colouring]
E126 Ponceau 6R [Colouring]
E127 Erythrosine [Colouring]
E128 Red 2G [Colouring]
E129 Allura Red AC [Colouring]
E130 Indanthrene blue RS [Colouring]
E131 Patent Blue V [Colouring]
E132 Indigo carmine, Indigotine [Colouring]
E133 Brilliant Blue FCF [Colouring]
E140 Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins: (i) Chlorophylls (ii) Chlorophyllins
[Colouring]
E141 Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins (i) Copper
complexes of chlorophylls (ii) Copper complexes of chlorophyllins
[Colouring]
E142 Greens S [Colouring] [possible allergic reaction]
E150a Plain Caramel [Colouring] [likely to be GM]
E150b Caustic sulphite caramel [Colouring] [likely to be GM]
E150c Ammonia caramel [Colouring] [likely to be GM]
E150d Sulphite ammonia caramel [Colouring] [likely to be GM]
E151 Black PN, Brilliant Black BN [Colouring]
E152 Black 7984 [Colouring]
E153 Carbon black, Vegetable carbon [Colouring] [likely to be GM]
E154 Brown FK, Kipper Brown [Colouring]
E155 Brown HT, Chocolate brown HT [Colouring]
E160a Alpha-carotene, Beta-carotene, Gamma-carotene [Colouring]
E160b Annatto, bixin, norbixin [Colouring]
E160c Capsanthin, capsorubin, Paprika extract [Colouring]
E160d Lycopene [Colouring] [possibly GM]
E160e Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30) [Colouring]
E160f Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid (C 30) [Colouring]
E161a Flavoxanthin [Colouring]
E161b Lutein [Colouring]
E161c Cryptoaxanthin [Colouring] [likely to be GM]
E161d Rubixanthin [Colouring]
E161e Violaxanthin [Colouring]
E161f Rhodoxanthin [Colouring]
E161g Canthaxanthin [Colouring]
E162 Beetroot Red, Betanin [Colouring]
E163 Anthocyanins [Colouring]
E170 Calcium carbonate [Colouring]
E171 Titanium dioxide [Colouring]
E172 Iron oxides and hydroxides [Colouring]
E173 Aluminium [Colouring]
E174 Silver [Colouring]
E175 Gold [Colouring]
E180 Pigment Rubine, Lithol Rubine BK [Colouring]
E181 Tannin
E200 Sorbic acid [Preservative]
E201 Sodium sorbate [Preservative]
E202 Potassium sorbate [Preservative]
E203 Calcium sorbate [Preservative]
E210 Benzoic acid [Preservative]
E211 Sodium benzoate [Preservative]
E212 Potassium benzoate [Preservative]
E213 Calcium benzoate [Preservative]
E214 Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate [Preservative]
E215 Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate [Preservative]
E216 Propyl para-hydroxybenzoate [Preservative]
E217 Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate [Preservative]
E218 Methyl para-hydroxybenzoate [Preservative]
E219 Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate [Preservative]
E220 Sulphur dioxide [Preservative]
E221 Sodium sulphite [Preservative]
E222 Sodium hydrogen sulphite [Preservative]
E223 Sodium metabisulphite [Preservative]
E224 Potassium metabisulphite [Preservative]
E225 Sodium sulphite [Preservative]
E226 Calcium sulphite [Preservative]
E227 Calcium hydrogen sulphite [Preservative] [Firming Agent]
E228 Potassium hydrogen sulphite [Preservative]
E230 Biphenyl, diphenyl [Preservative]
E231 Orthophenyl phenol [Preservative]
E232 Sodium orthophenyl phenol [Preservative]
E233 Thiabendazole [Preservative]
E234 Nisin [Preservative]
E235 Natamycin, Pimaracin [Preservative]
E236 Formic acid [Preservative]
E237 Sodium formiate [Preservative]
E238 Calcium formiate [Preservative]
E239 Hexamethylene tetramine, Hexamine [Preservative]
E240 Formaldehyde [Preservative]
E242 Dimethyl dicarbonate [Preservative]
E249 Potassium nitrite [Preservative]
E250 Sodium nitrite [Preservative]
E251 Sodium nitrate, saltpetre [Preservative]
E252 Potassium nitrate (Saltpetre) [Preservative]
E260 Acetic acid [Preservative] [Acidity regulator]
E261 Potassium acetate [Preservative] [Acidity regulator]
E262 Sodium acetates (i) Sodium acetate (ii) Sodium hydrogen acetate
(sodium diacetate) [Preservative] [Acidity regulator]
E263 Calcium acetate [Preservative] [Acidity regulator]
E264 Ammonium acetate [Preservative]
E270 Lactic acid [Preservative] [Acid] [Antioxidant]
E280 Propionic acid [Preservative]
E281 Sodium propionate [Preservative]
E282 Calcium propionate [Preservative]
E283 Potassium propionate [Preservative]
E284 Boric acid [Preservative]
E285 Sodium tetraborate (borax) [Preservative]
E290 Carbon dioxide [Acidity regulator]
E296 Malic acid [Acid] [Acidity regulator]
E297 Fumaric acid [Acidity regulator]
E300 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) [Antioxidant]
E301 Sodium ascorbate [Antioxidant]
E302 Calcium ascorbate [Antioxidant]
E303 Potassium ascorbate [Antioxidant]
E304 Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid (i) Ascorbyl palmitate (ii)
Ascorbyl stearate [Antioxidant]
E306 Tocopherol-rich extract (natural) [Antioxidant]
E307 Alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) [Antioxidant]
E308 Gamma-tocopherol (synthetic) [Antioxidant]
E309 Delta-tocopherol (synthetic) [Antioxidant]
E310 Propyl gallate [Antioxidant]
E311 Octyl gallate [Antioxidant]
E312 Dodecyl gallate [Antioxidant]
E315 Erythorbic acid [Antioxidant]
E316 Sodium erythorbate [Antioxidant]
E317 Erythorbin acid [Antioxidant]
E318 Sodium erythorbin [Antioxidant]
E319 Butylhydroxinon [Antioxidant]
E320 Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) [Antioxidant]
E321 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) [Antioxidant]
E322 Lecithin [Emulsifier]
E325 Sodium lactate [Antioxidant]
E326 Potassium lactate [Antioxidant] [Acidity regulator]
E327 Calcium lactate [Antioxidant] [possibly of animal origin]
E329 Magnesium lactate [Antioxidant]
E330 Citric acid [Antioxidant]
E331 Sodium citrates (i) Monosodium citrate (ii) Disodium citrate (iii)
Trisodium citrate [Antioxidant]
E332 Potassium citrates (i) Monopotassium citrate (ii) Tripotassium
citrate [Antioxidant]
E333 Calcium citrates (i) Monocalcium citrate (ii) Dicalcium citrate (iii)
Tricalcium citrate [Acidity regulator] [Firming Agent]
E334 Tartaric acid (L(+)-) [Acid] [Antioxidant]
E335 Sodium tartrates (i) Monosodium tartrate (ii) Disodium tartrate
[Antioxidant]
E336 Potassium tartrates (i) Monopotassium tartrate (cream of tartar) (ii)
Dipotassium tartrate [Antioxidant]
E337 Sodium potassium tartrate [Antioxidant]
E338 Phosphoric acid [Antioxidant]
E339 Sodium phosphates (i) Monosodium phosphate (ii) Disodium phosphate
(iii) Trisodium phosphate [Antioxidant]
E340 Potassium phosphates (i) Monopotassium phosphate (ii) Dipotassium
phosphate (iii) Tripotassium phosphate [Antioxidant]
E341 Calcium phosphates (i) Monocalcium phosphate (ii) Dicalcium phosphate
(iii) Tricalcium phosphate [Anti-caking agent] [Firming Agent]
E343 Magnesium phosphates (i) monomagnesium phosphate (ii) Dimagnesium
phosphate [Anti-caking agent]
E350 Sodium malates (i) Sodium malate (ii) Sodium hydrogen malate [Acidity
regulator]
E351 Potassium malate [Acidity regulator]
E352 Calcium malates (i) Calcium malate (ii) Calcium hydrogen malate
[Acidity regulator]
E353 Metatartaric acid [Emulsifier]
E354 Calcium tartrate [Emulsifier]
E355 Adipic acid [Acidity regulator]
E356 Sodium adipate [Acidity regulator]
E357 Potassium adipate [Acidity regulator]
E363 Succinic acid [Acidity regulator]
E365 Sodium fumarate [Acidity regulator]
E366 Potassium fumarate [Acidity regulator]
E367 Calcium fumarate[Acidity regulator]
E370 I,4-Heptonolactone [Acidity regulator]
E375 Nicotinic acid, Niacin, Nicotinamide [Colour Retention Agent]
E380 Triammonium citrate [Acidity regulator]
E381 Ammoniumferrocitrate [Acidity regulator]
E385 Calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (Calcium disodium
EDTA)
E400 Alginic acid [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Gelling agent] [Emulsifier]
E401 Sodium alginate [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Gelling agent] [Emulsifier]
E402 Potassium alginate [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Gelling agent]
[Emulsifier]
E403 Ammonium alginate [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Emulsifier]
E404 Calcium alginate [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Gelling agent]
[Emulsifier]
E405 Propane-1,2-diol alginate (Propylene glycol alginate) [Thickener]
[Stabiliser] [Emulsifier]
E406 Agar [Thickener] [Gelling agent] [Stabiliser]
E407 Carrageenan [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Gelling agent] [Emulsifier]
[possible allergic reaction]
Vegetable Gum
Occurs naturally in red seaweeds belonging to the Gigartinaceae, Solieriaceae, Hypnaceae and Furcellariaceae families

E407a Processed eucheuma seaweed [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Gelling agent]
[Emulsifier]

E410 Locust bean gum (Carob gum) [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Gelling agent]
[Emulsifier]
Vegetable Gum
Taken from the Locust or Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), which is an evergreen tree belonging to the Leguminoseae or pea family

E412 Guar gum [Thickener] [Stabiliser]
Vegetable Gum
Extracted from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, or C. psoraloides, a member of the pea family

E413 Tragacanth [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Emulsifier]
E414 Acacia gum (gum arabic) [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Emulsifier]
E415 Xanthan gum [Thickener] [Stabiliser]
E416 Karaya gum [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Emulsifier]
E417 Tara gum [Thickener] [Stabiliser]
Tara gum is a natural ingredient from the tara tree, a plant commonly found in South America and Africa. Studies have shown it to be safe for human consumption. New Zealand and Australia Food Standards approved it as did the World Health Organization. However, the results of these studies were not entirely positive, as tara gum is indigestible and causes various problems when consumed in high quantities (>5%) by rats and dogs. Though, most humans will not consume this amount of tara gum and should not have anything to worry about.

E418 Gellan gum [Thickener] [Stabiliser] [Emulsifier]
E420 Sorbitol (i) Sorbitol (ii) Sorbitol syrup [Emulsifier] [Sweetener]
[Humectant]
E421 Mannitol [Anti-caking agent] [Sweetener]
E422 Glycerol [Emulsifier] [Sweetener] [possibly of animal origin]
E425 Konjac (i) Konjac gum (ii) Konjac glucomannane [Emulsifier]
E430 Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate [Emulsifier] [Stabiliser] [possible
allergic reaction]
E431 Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate [Emulsifier]
E432 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20)
[Emulsifier]
E433 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80)
[Emulsifier]
E434 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate (polysorbate 40)
[Emulsifier]
E435 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (polysorbate 60)
[Emulsifier]
E436 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate (polysorbate 65)
[Emulsifier] [possibly of animal origin]
E440 Pectins (i) pectin (ii) amidated pectin [Emulsifier]
E441 Gelatine [Emulsifier] [Gelling agent] [animal origin]
E442 Ammonium phosphatides [Emulsifier]
E444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate [Emulsifier]
E445 Glycerol esters of wood rosins [Emulsifier]
E450 Diphosphates (i) Disodium diphosphate (ii) Trisodium diphosphate(iii)
Tetrasodium diphosphate (iv) Dipotassium diphosphate (v) Tetrapotassium
diphosphate (vi) Dicalcium diphosphate (vii) Calcium dihydrogen
diphosphate [Emulsifier]
E451 Triphosphates (i) Pentasodium triphosphate (ii) Pentapotassium
triphosphate [Emulsifier]
E452 Polyphosphates (i) Sodium polyphosphates (ii) Potassium
polyphosphates (iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate (iv) Calcium
polyphophates [Emulsifier]
E459 Beta-cyclodextrine [Emulsifier]
E460 Cellulose (i) Microcrystalline cellulose (ii) Powdered cellulose
[Emulsifier]
E461 Methyl cellulose [Emulsifier]
E462 Ethyl cellulose [Emulsifier]
E463 Hydroxy propyl cellulose [Emulsifier]
E464 Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose [Emulsifier]
E465 Ethyl methyl cellulose [Emulsifier]
E466 Carboxy methyl cellulose, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose
[Emulsifier]
E468 Crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose [Emulsifier]
E469 Enzymically hydrolysed carboxymethylcellulose [Emulsifier]
E470a Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids [Emulsifier]
[Anti-caking agent]
E470b Magnesium salts of fatty acids [Emulsifier] [Anti-caking agent]
E471 Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (glyceryl monostearate,
glyceryl distearate) [Emulsifier]
E472a Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
[Emulsifier]
E472b Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
[Emulsifier]
E472c Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
[Emulsifier]
E472d Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
[Emulsifier]
E472e Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of
fatty acids [Emulsifier]
E472f Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of
fatty acids [Emulsifier]
E473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids [Emulsifier]
E474 Sucroglycerides [Emulsifier]
E475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids [Emulsifier]
E476 Polyglycerol polyricinoleate [Emulsifier]
E477 Propane-1, 2-diol esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of
fatty acids [Emulsifier]
E478 Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propane-1 [Emulsifier]
E479b Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and
diglycerides of fatty acids [Emulsifier]
E481 Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate [Emulsifier]
E482 Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate [Emulsifier]
E483 Stearyl tartrate [Emulsifier]
E491 Sorbitan monostearate [Emulsifier]
E492 Sorbitan tristearate [Emulsifier]
E493 Sorbitan monolaurate [Emulsifier]
E494 Sorbitan monooleate [Emulsifier]
E495 Sorbitan monopalmitate [Emulsifier]
E500 Sodium carbonates (i) Sodium carbonate (ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate
(Bicarbonate of soda) (iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate [Acidity regulator]
[Raising Agent]
E501 Potassium carbonates (i) Potassium carbonate (ii) Potassium hydrogen
carbonate [Acidity regulator]
E503 Ammonium carbonates (i) Ammonium carbonate (ii) Ammonium hydrogen
carbonate [Acidity regulator]
E504 Magnesium carbonates (i) Magnesium carbonate (ii) Magnesium hydroxide
carbonate (syn. Magnesium hydrogen carbonate) [Acidity regulator]
[Anti-caking agent]
E507 Hydrochloric acid [Acid]
E508 Potassium chloride [Gelling agent] [Seasoning]
E509 Calcium chloride [Sequestrant] [Firming Agent]
E510 Ammonium chloride, ammonia solution [Acidity regulator] [Improving
agent]
E511 Magnesium chloride [Firming Agent]
E512 Stannous chloride [Antioxidant]
E513 Sulphuric acid [Acid]
E514 Sodium sulphates (i) Sodium sulphate (ii) Sodium hydrogen sulphate
[Acidity regulator]
E515 Potassium sulphates (i) Potassium sulphate (ii) Potassium hydrogen
sulphate [Seasoning]
E516 Calcium sulphate [Sequestrant] [Improving agent] [Firming Agent]
E517 Ammonium sulphate [Improving agent]
E518 Magnesium sulphate, Epsom salts [Acidity regulator] [Firming Agent]
E519 Copper sulphate [Preservative]
E520 Aluminium sulphate [Firming Agent]
E521 Aluminium sodium sulphate [Firming Agent]
E522 Aluminium potassium sulphate [Acidity regulator]
E523 Aluminium ammonium sulphate [Acidity regulator]
E524 Sodium hydroxide [Acidity regulator]
E525 Potassium hydroxide [Acidity regulator]
E526 Calcium hydroxide [Acidity regulator] [Firming Agent]
E527 Ammonium hydroxide [Acidity regulator]
E528 Magnesium hydroxide [Acidity regulator]
E529 Calcium oxide [Acidity regulator] [Improving agent]
E530 Magnesium oxide [Acidity regulator] [Anti-caking agent]
E535 Sodium ferrocyanide [Acidity regulator] [Anti-caking agent]
E536 Potassium ferrocyanide [Anti-caking agent]
E538 Calcium ferrocyanide [Anti-caking agent]
E540 Dicalcium diphosphate [Acidity regulator] [Emulsifier]
E541 Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic [Emulsifier]
E542 Bone phosphate [Anti-caking agent] [animal origin]
E543 Calcium sodium polyphosphate
E544 Calcium polyphosphate [Emulsifier]
E545 Aluminium polyphosphate [Emulsifier]
E550 Sodium silicate [Anti-caking agent]
E551 Silicon dioxide (Silica) [Emulsifier] [Anti-caking agent]
E552 Calcium silicate [Anti-caking agent]
E553a (i) Magnesium silicate (ii) Magnesium trisilicate [Anti-caking
agent]
E553b Talc [Anti-caking agent]
E554 Sodium aluminium silicate [Anti-caking agent]
E555 Potassium aluminium silicate [Anti-caking agent]
E556 Calcium aluminium silicate [Anti-caking agent]
E558 Bentonite [Anti-caking agent]
E559 Aluminium silicate (Kaolin) [Anti-caking agent]
E570 Stearic acid (Fatty acid) [Anti-caking agent]
E572 Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate [Emulsifier] [Anti-caking agent]
E574 Gluconic acid [Acidity regulator]
E575 Glucono-delta-lactone [Acidity regulator] [Sequestrant]
E576 Sodium gluconate [Sequestrant]
E577 Potassium gluconate [Sequestrant]
E578 Calcium gluconate [Firming Agent]
E579 Ferrous gluconate [Colouring]
E585 Ferrous lactate [Colouring]
E620 Glutamic acid [Flavour enhancer]
E621 Monosodium glutamate [Flavour enhancer]
E622 Monopotassium glutamate [Flavour enhancer]
E623 Calcium diglutamate [Flavour enhancer]
E624 Monoammonium glutamate [Flavour enhancer]
E625 Magnesium diglutamate [Flavour enhancer]
E626 Guanylic acid [Flavour enhancer]
E627 Disodium guanylate, sodium guanylate [Flavour enhancer]
E628 Dipotassium guanylate [Flavour enhancer]
E629 Calcium guanylate [Flavour enhancer]
E630 Inosinic acid [Flavour enhancer]
E631 Disodium inosinate [Flavour enhancer] [possibly of animal origin]
E632 Dipotassium inosinate [Flavour enhancer]
E633 Calcium inosinate [Flavour enhancer]
E634 Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides [Flavour enhancer]
E635 Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides [Flavour enhancer] [possibly of animal
origin]
E636 Maltol [Flavour enhancer]
E637 Ethyl maltol [Flavour enhancer]
E640 Glycine and its sodium salt [Flavour enhancer] [possibly of animal
origin]
E900 Dimethyl polysiloxane [Anti-foaming agent] [Anti-caking agent]
E901 Beeswax, white and yellow [Glazing agent] [animal origin]
E902 Candelilla wax [Glazing agent]
E903 Carnauba wax [Glazing agent] [possible allergic reaction]
E904 Shellac [Glazing agent] [animal origin]
E905 Microcrystalline wax [Glazing agent]
E907 Crystalline wax [Glazing agent]
E910 L-cysteine [animal origin]
E912 Montanic acid esters
E913 Lanolin, sheep wool grease [Glazing agent]
E914 Oxidized polyethylene wax [Glazing agent]
E915 Esters of Colophane [Glazing agent]
E920 L-cysteine hydrochloride [Improving agent] [animal origin]
E921 L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate [Improving agent] [animal
origin]
E924 Potassium bromate [Improving agent]
E925 Chlorine [Preservative] [Bleach]
E926 Chlorine dioxide [Preservative] [Bleach]
E927b Carbamide [Improving agent]
E928 Benzole peroxide [Improving agent]
E938 Argon [Packaging gas]
E939 Helium [Packaging gas]
E941 Nitrogen [Packaging gas]
E942 Nitrous oxide [Propellant]
E948 Oxygen [Packaging gas]
E950 Acesulfame K [Sweetener]
E951 Aspartame [Sweetener]
E952 Cyclamic acid and its Na and Ca salts [Sweetener]
E953 Isomalt [Sweetener]
E954 Saccharin and its Na, K and Ca salts [Sweetener]
E957 Thaumatin [Sweetener] [Flavour enhancer]
E959 Neohesperidine DC [Sweetener]
E965 Maltitol (i) Maltitol (ii) Maltitol syrup [Sweetener] [Stabiliser]
[Humectant]
E966 Lactitol [Sweetener] [animal origin]
E967 Xylitol [Sweetener]
E999 Quillaia extract [Foaming Agent]
E1103 Invertase [Stabiliser]
E1105 Lysozyme [Preservative]
E1200 Polydextrose [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent] [Humectant] [Carrier]
E1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone [Stabiliser]
E1202 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone [Carrier] [Stabiliser]
E1400 Dextrin [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent]
E1401 Modified starch [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent]
E1402 Alkaline modified starch [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent]
E1403 Bleached starch [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent]
E1404 Oxidized starch [Emulsifier] [Thickening agent]
E1410 Monostarch phosphate [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent]
E1412 Distarch phosphate [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent]
E1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent]
E1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate [Emulsifier] [Thickening agent]
E1420 Acetylated starch, mono starch acetate [Stabiliser] [Thickening
agent]
E1421 Acetylated starch, mono starch acetate [Stabiliser] [Thickening
agent]
E1422 Acetylated distarch adipate [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent]
E1430 Distarch glycerine [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent]
E1440 Hydroxy propyl starch [Emulsifier] [Thickening agent]
E1441 Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent]
E1442 Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate [Stabiliser] [Thickening agent]
E1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate [Emulsifier] [Stabiliser]
[Thickening agent]
E1451 Acetylated oxidised starch [Emulsifier] [Thickening agent]
E1505 Triethyl citrate [Foam Stabiliser]
E1510 Ethanon
E1518 Glyceryl triacetate (triacetin) [Humectant]
E1520 Propylene glycol [Humectant]

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